Copyrights are governed by Law No. 15/14 of July 31, which introduced the Legal Regime for the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights.

Copyright law is included in Law 11, 723, as amended. In addition, multiple laws and regulations govern matters such as related rights, publishers' rights and collective management societies.

Argentina is part of the main multilateral international copyright agreements, such as the Trips Agreement, the Berne Convention and the Rome Convention. The provisions of these agreements are actively enforced by the courts.

Copyright is governed by the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) (Copyright Act). There is no state-based copyright law, and there is no common law of copyright, but there are court judgments that impact the interpretation of the Copyright Act. The Copyright Act provides for moral rights for original works and subject matter other than works except for sound recordings, sound and television broadcasts and published editions. It also provides performers' rights for performances.

On August 13, 2020, the Australian government proposed copyright reforms to better support the needs of Australians and public institutions to access material in an increasingly digital environment. The exposure draft of the Copyright Amendment (Access Reforms) Bill 2021 released in December 2021 details the proposed reforms. The proposed reforms include the introduction of a limited liability scheme for use of orphan works, a new fair dealing exception for non-commercial quotation, amendments to library and archives, education and research exceptions, and streamlining of the government statutory licensing scheme. Submissions from interested parties were received in early 2022 which remain with the government for consideration.

Australia is a party to the Berne Convention, Rome Convention, the TRIPS Agreement, the WIPO Copyright Treaty, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, the WIPO Marrakesh Treaty, and a number of free trade agreements with individual countries and groups of countries.

Copyrights are governed by the Copyright Act, which also implements various EU directives.

Austria is also a party to several international treaties (including the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the TRIPS Agreement).

Copyrights in Belgium are governed by Title 5 (“Copyrights and Neighboring Rights”) of Book XI (“Intellectual Property and Trade Secrets”) CEL.

On June 6, 2019, the EU Directive 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directive 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC (also known as the “Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market” or “DSM Directive”) came into force, with its most significant changes for copyright holders being the obligation for news aggregators to remunerate press publishers and newspapers for using their content online, the introduction of a new liability regime for online content-sharing service providers and new obligations in respect of the author’s remuneration, such as appropriate and proportionate remuneration, transparency and the bestseller principle. The deadline for implementation, set at June 7, 2021, was not met by the Belgian legislator. The Directive was eventually implemented in Belgium by the act of June 19, 2022, whereby most provisions have entered into force on August 1, 2022.

Copyrights are governed by the Federal Constitution (Article 5, XXVII), Federal Law 9,609/98 (Software Law) and Federal Law 9,610/98 (Rights of Authorship Law).

Moral rights are recognized under the Brazilian Rights of Authorship Law.

Brazil became signatory to Berne Convention in 1922.

The Canadian Copyright Act protects both copyright and moral rights, and there is no copyright outside the statutory framework.

Canada became a signatory to the Berne Convention in 1928.

(a) At the national level: Chilean Constitution and Law No. 17,336 on Intellectual Property.

(b) At the international level: Berne Convention, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), inter alia.

The PRC Copyright Law and its Implementing Regulations are primary legislations in China concerning copyright protection. In addition, there are Regulations on Protection of Computer Software; judicial interpretations issued by the Supreme People's Court also provide detailed rules in respect of application of the Copyright Law.

China became a signatory to the Berne Convention and Universal Copyright Convention in 1992.

Copyrights are governed by Decision 351 of 1993 issued by CAN, Law 23 of 1982, Law 44 of 1993, Law 1403 of 2010, Law 1835 of 2017, Law 1915 of 2018, Law 565 of 2000, Law 48 of 1975, and Decree 1066, 2015.

Moreover, among others, Colombia is a party of the:

• WIPO Copyright Treaty
• Universal Copyright Convention and
• The Inter-American Convention on Copyright in Literary, Scientific and Artistic Works

Copyright, including both economic and moral rights related to it, is governed by the Copyright Act.

Copyrights are governed by the Danish Act of Copyright (LBK 1144 23/10/2014) and the amendment acts thereto.

Copyrights are also governed by EU Directives including Directive 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the council of 17 April 2019 on copyrights and related rights in the Digital Single Market, as well as amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC.

Denmark is a party to several international conventions and treaties such as the Berne Convention, the Rome Convention, the TRIPS Agreement, the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

The Copyrights Act governs copyrights in general, and the Finnish Penal Code governs copyright infringement crimes.

Finland has signed the Berne Copyright Convention.

As a member of the European Union, Finland has implemented the following copyright directives:

• Directive 2017/1564/EU on the use of certain copyright protected work to the benefit of persons who are blind, visually impaired or otherwise print-disabled
• Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonization of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society
• Directive 96/9/EC on the legal protection of databases
• Directive 91/250/EEC on the Legal Protection of Computer Programs

Finland is also implementing the Directive 2019/790/EU on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market. The implementation of the Directive had been planned for June 7, 2021, but, because significant changes to the current Copyrights Act were required, its implementation was delayed. The government bill concerning the changes was presented in April 2022. However, the Constitutional Law Committee required additional changes to be made to the government bill resulting in a subsequent government bill being presented in December 2022.

Part I of the French Intellectual Property Code (Articles L. 111-1 et seq. and R. 111-1 et seq.), which implements the 2001 European Copyright Directive, governs the protection of copyrights in France.

The revised Audiovisual Media Services Directive has entered into force on 18 December 2018 and was transposed into French law, via an Ordinance No. 2020-1642 voted on 21 December 2020. Video-sharing platforms will now be submitted to this regulation. The Ordinance notably amended the Law of 30 September 1986 on freedom of communication, the Code of cinema and moving image, as well as the deadlines for the exploitation of cinematographic works. It also provides for the prohibition of incitement to terrorist acts in television programs and the strengthening of the rules on the protection of minors by prohibiting service providers from processing the personal data of minors for commercial purposes.

Part of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive was also implemented by the Law of 25 October 2021 and by Decree No. 2021-1853 of 27 December 2021, which materializes the merger of the Audiovisual Superior Council (CSA) and the Supreme Authority for the Distribution and Protection of Intellectual Property on the Internet (HADOPI) in a new independent authority: the Audiovisual and Digital Communication Regulatory Authority (ARCOM). The prerogatives of the new institution have been extended with regard to the fight against piracy. The law also creates a regime to protect the French public's access to cinematographic and audiovisual works in the event of the transfer of catalogues of works to a foreign operator.

With regard to media law, Article L. 137-1 of the Intellectual Property Code now defines the online content sharing service provider as the person who provides an online public communication service, one which has a main objective of storing and giving the public access to a significant quantity of works or other protected objects uploaded by its users, and who organizes and promotes the content with a view to making a direct or indirect profit from it. Decree No. 2021-1369 of 20 October 2021 specifies the methods for assessing the "significant quantity" of protected works uploaded. This text provides that this quantity may be deemed to have been reached when the service's audience and the number of content files uploaded by users of this service exceed a threshold of 400,000 unique visitors in France per month per online public communication service calculated on the basis of the last civil year.

The European Directive on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market of 17 April 2019 has been transposed into French Law and has therefore created a related right for press agencies and press editors. Since 25 October 2019, all platforms, social networks and other sites aggregating information must obtain authorization from the publisher or the press agency, for any reproduction or communication to the public, in whole or in part, in digital form, of press publications. In return, publishers and press agencies may request remuneration.

In addition, Decree No. 2022-928 of 23 June 2022, which completes the transposition of the European Directive on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market of 17 April 2019, has enshrined the exception to copyright for text and data mining for scientific and other purposes into French law.

Germany became signatory to the Berne Convention in 1887 as well as to the WIPO Copyright Treaty in 1996, among other international treaties relating to copyright matters.

Germany implemented Directive 92/100/EEC on rental rights and lending rights as well as on certain rights related to copyright in the field of intellectual property, Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonization of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society and Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market, which led to the creation of the Copyright Services Act (Urheberrechts-Diensteanbieter-Gesetz) regulating services for online platforms.

Copyright issues are governed by the German Copyright Act (Urheberrechtsgesetz).

Copyright is mainly governed by the Copyright Ordinance. As Hong Kong became a signatory to the Berne Convention in 1997, Hong Kong gives the same level of protection for copyright created by nationals and residents of other Berne Convention contracting states as it does to copyright created by its own nationals and residents.

With the aim of strengthening copyright protection in the digital environment in Hong Kong, the Copyright (Amendment) Ordinance 2022 was gazetted in December 2022 to update the copyright regime. Major amendments include (i) introducing an exclusive technology-neutral communication right for copyright owners and criminal sanctions against infringements relating to the communication right; (ii) expanding the scope of copyright exceptions to allow the use of copyright works in common internet activities; (iii) introducing “safe harbor” provisions to limit liability of online service providers in respect of copyright infringement occurring on online service platforms; and (iv) introducing 2 additional statutory factors for the court to consider in determining whether to award additional damages to copyright owners in civil cases involving copyright infringement.  The Ordinance has not yet come into effect but is expected to do so in 2023.

Act No. 76 of 1999 on Copyright. Hungary became signatory to the Berne Convention in 1922. Today, the version of 1971 of the Convention is implemented. As a member of the EU, Hungary has implemented several directives into its Copyright Act.

Copyright in India is enforced under the Copyright Act, 1957 (Copyright Act), read with the Copyright Act (Amendment) Rules, 2021. Like the Berne Convention, which has been adopted by India, Section 57 of the Copyright Act also expressly protects the moral rights of authors. Copyright in India permits an author or their legal representative to:

Claim authorship of the work and exercise various economic rights and

• Restrain or claim damages in respect of any distortion, mutilation, modification or other act in relation to the said work, if such distortion, mutilation, modification or other act would be prejudicial to their honor or reputation.

Copyright in India does not extend to a right to restrain or claim damages in respect of any adaption of a computer program in order to utilize the computer program for the purpose for which it was supplied or to make back-up copies as a temporary protection against loss, destruction or damage.

Copyrights are governed by Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyrights (Copyright Law), which revoked the previous Law Number 19 of 2002. Indonesia became the signatory to the Berne Convention in 1997, World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty in 1997 and World Intellectual Property Organization Performances and Phonograms Treaty in 2004.

The Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 governs copyright in Ireland. On November 19, 2021, the act was amended by the implementation of the EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market ((EU) 2019/790), enacted under the European Union (Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market) Regulations 2021. In doing so, Ireland became the seventh EU Member State to implement the Directive into national law.

Ireland is a party to the Berne Convention of 1927.

The Copyright Act 2007 is the governing statute for copyrights.

Law No. 633/1941 (the Italian Copyright Law) is the statute that governs copyrights.

Legislative Decree No. 35 of 15 March 2017 (that transposes EU Directive No. 26 of 2014) regulates the collective management of copyright and related rights and multi-territorial licensing of rights in musical works for online use in the internal market.

On June 6, 2019, the EU Directive No. 790 of 2019 on copyright in the digital European market entered into force.

Italy has transposed this Directive through the Legislative Decree No. 177 of 8 November 2021, introducing relevant provisions with reference to authors' rights, obligations for online content sharing service providers (OCSSPs) and Information society service providers (ISSPs) and new publishers’ rights.

In short, the legislation establishes that authors should receive an adequate remuneration, proportionate to the potential or actual value of the rights licensed or transferred.

OCSSPs will be required to obtain authorization, such as a license, for the use of copyright-protected works directly from rightsholders or through collective rights management organizations. New complaint and redress mechanisms to address infringing content will have to be introduced and AGCOM (Autorità per le garanzie nelle comunicazioni, the Italian Communication Authority) will have to issue guidelines in this regard.

ISSPs will have to negotiate a licensing agreement with press publishers for the use of protected work. Press publishers shall be entitled to fair compensation to be determined also on the basis of the criteria established in ad hoc Regulation adopted by AGCOM, which shall also be competent to determine the fair compensation due in specific cases.

AGCOM Regulation on Copyright Protection on Electronic Communication Networks (Resolution No. 680/13/CONS dated December 12, 2013) as further amended also applies.

Finally, Italy is party to various international copyright treaties and conventions, such as the Universal Copyright Convention, Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of their Phonograms, the Berne Convention, the TRIPS Agreement, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, and the WIPO Copyright Treaty.

The Copyright Act (Act No. 48 of 1970) (the Copyright Act) governs copyrights.

Japan became signatory to Berne Convention in 1899, to Universal Copyright Convention in 1956, International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations in 1989, Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms in 1978, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights in 1994, World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty in 2000 and World Intellectual Property Organization Performances and Phonograms Treaty in 2002.

Copyrights are governed by the Law of 18 April 2001 on Copyright, Neighboring Rights and Databases, as amended.

In April 2019, the European Union adopted the Directive 2019/790 in order to adapt the existing framework of copyright and related rights to the digital age. This directive has yet to be implemented into Luxembourg law. A draft law No. 7847 is currently being discussed and, when adopted, should modify:

• The Law of 18 April 2001 on Copyright, Neighboring Rights and Databases, as amended
• The Law of 3 December 2015 on certain authorized uses of orphan works
• The Law of 25 April 2018 on the collective management of copyright and related rights and the granting of multi-territorial licenses of rights in musical works musical works for online use in the internal market.

Federal Copyright Law (Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor) governs copyrights.

Copyrights are governed by the Copyright Act of 1912.

Copyright is governed by the Copyright Act 1994 as well as court judgments that impact the interpretation of the Copyright Act.

The Copyright Act provides for moral rights for original works, as well as for performer's rights for performances.

New Zealand is a party to the Berne Convention, the Universal Copyright Convention, the TRIPS Agreement and the Marrakesh Treaty.

1. Copyright Act CAP C28 LFN 2004 and its subsidiary legislations is the principal legislation on copyright in Nigeria.
2. Contractual principles
3. Case law
4. Nigerian Film Corporation Act CAP N109 LFN 2004
5. Advertising Practitioners' Act CAP A7 LFN 2004
6. Nigerian Communications Act CAP N33 LFN 2004
7. The National Broadcasting Commission Act CAP N11 LFN 2004
8. The National Film and Video Censors Board Act CAP N40 LFN 2004
9. Nigeria is a signatory to many of the international copyright treaties.  The treaties include: The World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS); the Berne Convention of 1886; the WIPO Copyright Treaty; the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty; the Rome Convention for Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and the Broadcasting Organization. To have effect, these treaties must be promulgated into law/domesticated. However, Nigeria has yet to do so, and these treaties do not have the force of law in the country.

The Copyright Bill: A copyright bill seeking to amend the Act has been passed by both the Senate and the House of Representatives. It is now awaiting presidential assent.

Copyrights are governed by the Norwegian Copyright Act (åndsverkloven).

The new Copyright Act came into force on July 1, 2018. The purpose with the new Copyright Act was to modernize and simplify the Act, and thus the new Act entailed mostly structural changes. Norway is a signatory to multiple international conventions, such as the Berne Convention, the Rome Convention and the TRIPS agreement.

In July 2021, a new law on collective management of copyright. was passed to implement the EU directive on collective management (2014/26 / EU).

National Copyright Law (Legislative Decree No. 822) governs copyrights.

The IPC, in Part IV, and as amended by Republic Act No. 10372, governs copyright.

Poland became a signatory of the Berne Convention in 1920 and the WIPO Copyright Treaty in 2003.

It is also a signatory of other international treaties relating to copyright matters - for example, Poland has been bound by the TRIPS Agreement since July 1, 1995.

Additionally, Poland has implemented – or is in the process of implementing – certain EU Directives relating to copyright matters.

The most notable among them is the Digital Single Market directive (2019/790), which requires online content­-sharing service providers to obtain a license whenever they give the public access to copyright-protected works. Due to widespread opposition to the law, the directive’s implementation has not been concluded, and Poland filed an action for its annulment with the Court of Justice of the European Union. Although the action was dismissed by the Court, the DSM Directive has not been yet implemented in Poland.

Copyrights are governed by the Code of Copyright and Related Rights.

Portugal became signatory to the Berne Convention in 1911 and to the WIPO Copyright Treaty in 2010.

Law no. 8 of March 14, 1996 on copyright and neighboring rights governs copyright in Romania. Romania became signatory to the Berne Convention in 1926 and grants moral rights to authors, which may not be waived.

Part IV of Russian Civil Code governs copyrights.

Russia is also party to the main international copyright treaties and conventions such as the Universal Copyright Convention, Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms, Berne Convention, WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty and WIPO Copyright Treaty.

The Copyright Law (promulgated by Royal Decree No. M/41 of 2 Rajab, 1424 (corresponding to 30 August 2003)), and its Implementing Regulations (Copyright Law).

The KSA acceded to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works on 11 December 2003.

The Copyright Act 2021, which came into force on November 21, 2021, replaces the existing Copyright Act (Cap 63). To take into account technological developments and balance the rights of creators and copyright users, the Copyright Act 2021 updates and strengthens the copyright regime in Singapore, including in the following areas:  

• granting authors of authorial works and performers of performances the right to be identified when their works are used in public
• introducing civil and criminal liability provisions relating to streaming content from unauthorized sources in devices such as set-top boxes or software applications
• strengthening the general “fair use exception”
• setting an expiry date for copyright protection of unpublished work
• introducing a new exception to allow copyright materials to be used for computational data analysis, e.g. text, data mining and sentiment analysis
• introducing a new educational exception to permit schools and students of nonprofit educational institutions to use internet resources for educational purposes
• refining and introducing new exceptions to permit cultural heritage institutions to carry out activities relating to their work, eg, copying for administrative purposes, among others
• granting creators default ownership of all types of commissioned works, except for employee-created content where the employer is the default owner of content created by employee during the course of employment
• introducing new equitable remunerations rights when commercially published sound recordings are broadcasted or publicly performed
• refining existing exceptions for print-disabled users
• introducing new offenses relating to the sale of devices which facilitate access to copyright infringing works.

Any artistic work which is applied to a product and industrially produced does not fall under the protection of the Copyright Act 2021 and instead fall under the Registered Designs Act 2000.

The copyright is governed by Slovak Act No. 185/2015 Coll., the Copyright Act, as amended (Copyright Act). In addition to the Copyright Act, the Slovak Act No. 40/1964 Coll., the Civil Code, as amended (Civil Code) is applicable as the general regulation. For criminal sanctions resulting from the infringement of the copyright, the Slovak Act No. 300/2005 Coll., the Criminal Code, as amended (Criminal Code) shall apply. Slovak Republic is signatory of several international agreements as well, including:

• Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
• WIPO Copyright Treaty, Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers,

  Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations

• Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of their Phonograms

Copyrights are governed by the CA. Korea has also acceded to the Universal Copyright Conventions, the Berne Convention, the Rome Convention, the Geneva Phonograms Convention, the GATT, the TRIPS Agreement, the WIPO Copyright Treaty, and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

In Spain, copyright is governed by Legislative Royal Decree 1/1996 on Intellectual Property. This law implements the EU Copyright Directives (Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonization of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, Directive 2004/48/EC on the enforcement of intellectual property rights); Directive 96/9/EC on the legal protection of databases; and in particular, Council Directive of May 14, 1991 on the Legal Protection of Computer Programs (91/250/EEC). New EU Directive 2019/730 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Simple Market has not yet been implemented into Spanish national law.

In addition, Spain is party to the Berne Convention.

The Copyright Act (1960:729) (lag om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk) governs the protection of copyrights. Swedish copyrights are partly harmonized with EU copyright law through a series of EU directives, of which the latest is the implementation of the EU Digital Single Market (DSM) Directive into the Swedish Copyright Act as of January 1, 2023. Sweden is a signatory to the Berne Convention.

The Federal Act and Federal Ordinance on Copyright and Related Rights govern copyrights. Switzerland became a signatory to the Berne Convention in 1886. In the course of a recent revision of Swiss copyright law, Switzerland has made comprehensive amendments and also incorporated new provisions to meet its obligations under the WIPO Beijing and Marrakesh Agreements for better access to published works for people with visual impairments and better protection for performers in audiovisual works, respectively.

The Copyright Act was promulgated on May 14, 1928. Taiwan is a member of the WTO and follows the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).

Main legislative acts regulating copyright protection in Ukraine are the Law of Ukraine "On Copyright and Related Rights" dated December 23,1993 and Civil Code of Ukraine dated January 16, 2003. In addition, Ukraine is a signatory to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.

Copyrights are governed by the Federal Law No. 15 of 1980 (Printed Matter and Publishing Law) and Federal Law No. 7 of 2002 in respect of Author Copyrights and Parallel Rights (Copyright Law).

In addition to the Berne Convention, the UAE has acceded to the WIPO Copyright Treaty, the Rome Convention and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

The UK became a signatory to the Berne Convention in 1887.

Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, as (extensively) amended (Copyright Act) governs copyrights.

Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997 provides separate sui generis rights in relation to databases in which an investment has been made in obtaining, verifying or presenting their contents.

Title 17 of the US Code governs copyrights. The United States became signatory to the Berne Convention in 1988. However, though the Berne Convention grants authors moral rights, moral rights are not recognized in the US Copyright Act. Under US law, moral rights may receive protection through judicial interpretation of several copyright, trademark, privacy and defamation statutes and, for authors of a work of visual art, through 17 U.S.C. §106A, known as the Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 (VARA).