An entity is treated as a domestic entity for corporate income tax purposes if its registered seat or the effective place of management is located in Portugal.

Domestic

A domestic entity is subject to Portuguese corporate tax on its worldwide income.

Foreign

A foreign entity is subject to Portuguese corporate tax on:

• Income from business carried on through a Portuguese permanent establishment, and
• Portuguese-source income

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Domestic

Taxable income of a domestic entity is equal to gross income less applicable deductions.

Foreign

Taxable income of a foreign entity is equal to the gross income of the business carried on through the Portuguese permanent establishment less any deductions applicable to that Portuguese business, or, when there is no permanent establishment, the amount of income sourced from Portugal.

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The general corporate income tax rate is 21 percent. A reduced tax rate of 17 percent applies to the first EUR50,000 of taxable profits of small, medium-sized enterprises and small mid-caps.

A state surcharge is levied on taxable profits at the following rates: 3 percent for profits over EUR1.5 million up EUR7.5 million; 5 percent on profits over EUR7.5 million up to EUR35 million and 9 percent on profits exceeding EUR35 million.

A municipal surcharge may be levied on taxable profits at rates up to 1.5 percent, depending on the municipality.

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The tax return must be filed within 5 months after the end of the tax year.

The supporting accounting and tax report must be filed by the 15th day of the 7th month after the end of the tax year.

CBC reports must be filed within 12 months after the end of the MNE's tax year.

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Not applicable for this jurisdiction.

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Tax holidays

Not applicable for this jurisdiction.

Tax rulings

No broad-based rulings are available. Taxpayers can request a private letter ruling that applies only to a specific issue.

Tax incentives

There are tax incentives for specific activities, including R&D expenses and deductions (eg Research and development (R&D) (Sistema de Incentivos Fiscais em Investigação e Desenvolvimento Empresarial or SIFIDE II), tax regime for investment support (Regime Fiscal de Apoio ao Investimento or RFAI), Pension funds, Investment Funds, including Real Estate Investment Funds (REIFs), and Sociedades de Investimento e Gestão Imobiliária or SIFI (with a regime akin to Real Estate Investment Trusts), Incentives to urban rehabilitation, Madeira International Business Centre (MIBC), Non-habitual tax residents, Golden Visa, etc.

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Eligible corporations that are affiliated (generally based on at least 75 percent ownership of the statutory capital of the other affiliates and ownership of more than 50 percent of the voting rights) may elect to file corporate income tax returns on a consolidated basis.

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Capital gain is taxed at the same rate as ordinary income. Capital gain arising from the disposal of shares may be exempt from tax under the participation exemption regime (see Participation exemption).

Fifty percent of the gains derived from the disposal of tangible fixed assets and intangible assets held for at least 1 year may be excluded from taxation if the total disposal proceeds are reinvested within the prescribed period.

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Distributions paid by a corporation to its shareholders are treated as dividends.

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Net operating losses can be carried forward without any time limitation but can be used to offset only 65 percent of the taxable income.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, net operating losses generated in 2020 and 2021 may be used to offset 75 percent of the taxable income (instead of 65 percent).

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Group reorganizations are ordinarily tax neutral.

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Profits or income derived by an entity resident in a blacklisted jurisdiction or in a jurisdiction where it is subject to an effective tax rate lower than 50 percent of the tax that would be paid according to the Portuguese CIT rules are imputed to the Portuguese taxpayer, provided it holds, directly, indirectly or constructively, at least 25 percent of the share capital, voting rights or rights to income or assets of that entity.

CFC rules also apply if the controlled entity is held by a Portuguese entity through a legal representative, fiduciary or intermediary.

CFC rules do not apply if the CFC is resident in another EU country or in an EEA member state (bound to administrative cooperation on tax matters), provided that there are valid economic reasons underlying the incorporation and running of such company and it carries out agricultural, commercial, industrial or services activities supported by staff, equipment, assets and premises.

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Foreign taxes paid on income subject to Portuguese taxation can be credited under the Portuguese tax credit system.

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Not applicable for this jurisdiction.

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Arm's-length principles are applied to transactions between related entities. The Portuguese rules generally follow OECD principles.

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Dividends, royalties, interest, rents, etc

Dividends paid to a foreign entity are subject to withholding tax at a rate of 25 percent (35 percent if paid to a resident of a black-listed country or if paid or made available in accounts in the name of 1 or more holders acting on behalf of undisclosed 3rd parties). The withholding tax rate may be reduced under a tax treaty. Dividends are not subject to withholding tax in the case of qualified participations (generally, 10 percent or more equity interest held for at least 1 year), subject to additional requirements.

Interest paid to a foreign entity is subject to withholding tax at a tax rate of 25 percent (35 percent if paid to a resident of a black-listed country or if paid or made available in accounts in the name of 1 or more holders acting on behalf of undisclosed 3rd parties). The withholding tax rate may be reduced under a tax treaty. Interest is not subject to withholding tax if the requirements under the EU Interest & Royalty Directive are met.

Royalties paid to a foreign entity is subject to withholding tax at a tax rate of 25 percent (35 percent if paid to a resident of a black-listed country or if paid or made available in accounts in the name of 1 or more holders acting on behalf of undisclosed 3rd parties). The withholding tax rate may be reduced under a tax treaty. Royalties are not subject to withholding tax if the requirements under the EU Interest & Royalty Directive are met.

Other payments made to foreign entities may be subject to withholding tax. The general tax rate is 25 percent.

Service fees

Withholding tax may be applied to service fees if the services are performed or used in Portugal (subject to treaty limitations).

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Stamp duty and transfer tax are applicable in Portugal.

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Employers must withhold income tax and social security contributions.

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Not applicable.

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