Normally included to provide more flexibility (see above).
The usual position in respect of renewal is to allow the operator to ask for the renewal of the HMA in order to continue operation of the hotel at the end of the initial term of the HMA. The extension is generally for a fixed term, usually between five and ten years. If the HMA contains a clause giving the operator the right to request a renewal of the agreement, the clause also provides that the operator must exercise its option at a certain time before the end of the initial contract term. HMAs may also provide for one or more automatic renewal periods (the duration of which is usually shorter and comprised between one and five years), unless one party gives prior notice to the other of its decision not to renew the HMA at the end of the current period.
One or more renewal periods are common, but usually lower than the original agreement term.
Renewal options depend on the parties' agreement but may include automatically recurring renewals until one party gives notice, renewal on a year-to-year basis, or an operator having a set number of renewals, such as two five-year renewal options, after the initial term.
Renewal is normally by mutual agreement.
It is very common that the parties agree on an extension option. The HMA can be renewed (extended) automatically (eg when specified conditions are met), or when the parties specifically agree to it any time during the contract period. Like most terms of the agreement, it is in the parties' discretion.
The renewal will often be upon common agreement of the owner and the operator.
This is up for negotiation. Sometimes no option rights in favor of a party in order to prolong the term of the HMA exists; however we have also seen various HMAs which contained two options of five years each.
Renewal is normally at the option of the operator.
Usually operators have an option to extend the term by five or ten years.
The HMA typically includes one or more renewal terms of five years. These renewals can either be mutually agreed upon by both parties or take the form of renewal options that benefit only the operator. In either case, these renewal rights are subject to standard prior notification periods.
See Standard contract period, but it depends on the transaction and negotiations between the parties.
Renewal is usually by the mutual written agreement of the parties. A renewal period depends on several factors, eg the initial period, performance of the hotel in the initial period.
Renewal is at the discretion of the owner or by agreement. Renewals tend to be for longer periods (such as ten years) due to the prevalence of upscale/luxury hotels in the market.
Renewal options are generally included in HMAs and it is subject to mutual agreement of the parties.
Usually the HMA includes (a) renewal term(s) of five years, sometimes upon mutual agreement between the parties, sometimes in the form of renewal options to the benefit of the operator.
This depends on whether the fixed term is short or long. A short fixed term usually includes renewal clauses. In contracts with longer fixed terms, renewal clauses depend on the negotiations.
The potential renewal could be agreed by the parties in the HMA. There are no legal regulations regarding this issue.
This varies between different operators. Usually HMAs will be extendable in tranches of say five or ten years. This can be mutually agreed or at the operator's discretion.
This varies between different operators. Usually HMAs will be extendable in tranches of five or ten years. This can be mutually agreed or automatically if neither party notifies the other party of the contrary.
Renewal upon the mutual agreement of the parties or at operator's discretion.
Usually it is possible to agree a renewal by mutual consent, but the owner has the final say. Additionally, as mentioned above, tacit extension clauses are becoming increasingly common.
Agreement between the parties.
Renewal upon the mutual agreement of the parties or at the operator's discretion.
This varies widely between different operators. Usually HMAs will be extendable in tranches of say 5 or 10 years. This can be mutually agreed or at the operator's discretion.
In addition to the initial terms, HMAs typically include renewal terms at the expiration of the initial term, which are automatic unless the operator provides notice not to renew. Renewal terms for branded operators can, collectively, range from 20-50 years. Renewal terms are generally not available to non-branded operators. Branded operators will seek to secure multiple automatic renewal terms and owners will seek to make renewal terms subject to a performance metric such as meeting certain gross operating profit thresholds for a test year period immediately before the end of the then current term.
Australia
Are Hotel Management Agreements (HMAs) common in the jurisdiction?
Yes. HMAs are a common owner/operator structure used in Australia.
If not HMAs, what are the alternatives / what is commonly used?
Other alternative approaches are:
- Franchise agreements – operators enter into franchise agreements with well-known domestic or international hotel chains under which the chain provides a business system, services and licenses the use of the brand and other IP of the hotel chain. The property at which the hotel is operated may be owned by the operator or another party (which may be an entity related to the franchisor). The fee structures may vary and may be made up of a number of components, including royalties for the use of IP, other fixed charges, fees for services and/or fees based on revenue/performance of the hotel business.
- Leases – owners lease the underlying asset to an operator on a long-term basis (under which a fixed lease payment is payable), and the operator operates the hotel business autonomously, or occupies the hotel under the lease, with the HMA regulating the operation of the Hotel.
Is it common or usual for the HMA to be governed by (i) local laws; (ii) the laws of one of the parties' country of incorporation; or (iii) an alternative jurisdiction?
HMAs are typically governed by Australian law. Australia is regarded as a relatively stable legal jurisdiction, such that the sovereign risk and legal risks associated with use of Australia law are limited.
Are there any significant or unusual points to note in respect of tax on HMA payments in the jurisdiction?
HMA payments made to the operator by the owner, and/or any rental payments under a lease of the Hotel property are subject to the Australian Goods and Services Tax (GST).
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Australia
Is there a standard contract period of an HMA?
The duration of HMAs depends in part on the bargaining position of the operator – for major operators, terms of 20+ years are not uncommon. The duration also depends on the nature of the assets, with landmark assets often attracting longer terms.
Is the term usually fixed? Are early exit or similar options included (contractual or implied)?
The term is usually fixed.
It is increasingly common to integrate early exit mechanisms where operators underperform for a sustained period. This is in addition to standard early termination rights, such as for an insolvency event (eg liquidation, receivership, statutory winding up) or where a third party brings any claim or commences proceeding relating to the owner's title to the hotel or land.
Is it usual to include fees / liquidated damages for early termination?
Exit fees for early termination for convenience (ie without cause) or on sale of the property by the owner, and excluding termination in the case of manager default, are common. The level of termination fees/liquidated can vary depending on a number of commercial factors (eg location, type of hotel, market position of brand) and the reason for early termination (ie for convenience vs where the property is sold).
What is the usual position in respect of renewal?
It is common to have renewal periods that are subject to agreement between the parties; options that are exercisable unilaterally are less common. Renewal periods vary depending on the operator and are driven by their own operational needs. Renewal periods as part of an HMA are often negotiated as part of any agreed future capital improvement program for the hotel asset.
Australia
Is there a standard fee structure for HMAs (eg base + incentive)?
HMA fee structures typically comprise a percentage of gross annual revenue (base fees), and a sliding scale percentage of the adjusted gross operating profit, where the operator meets profitability thresholds (incentive fee). The fee structure will depend on various factors including the extent to which the operator or the hotel owner contribute to capital and operational costs of the hotel over the term of the HMA.
What other fees and charges are there (such as royalties, accounting, marketing, license fees, etc.)?
Depending on the parties and type of hotel, marketing contributions and/or fees for use of services such as accounting, software, reservation networks or intellectual property (including branding) may be payable.
Are owners typically required to set aside funds for fixtures and fittings?
Yes. Owners are typically required to make furniture, fitting and equipment (FF&E) contributions for general repairs and maintenance of the hotel, and any other budgeted capital expenditures.
Australia
What is the usual standard imposed on an operator in respect of the operation of the hotel?
Commonly, the standard imposed on the operator is that the operator will use the skill, effort, care and expertise reasonably expected of a prudent operator of hotels with regard to the brand and brand standards of the hotel operator. KPIs and other prescriptive standards are less common, although the inclusion of such standards varies depending on the operator and the consequences flowing from failures to achieve such standards, the operator and the asset.
What performance measures are commonly used in the jurisdiction?
Common performance measures are generally related to performance against an agreed budget and/or Revenue Per Available Room (RevPAR) relative to a set of similar competitors.
These measures are often linked to termination rights for failures to meet these standards.
Is an operator or owner guarantee common in the jurisdiction?
The inclusion of guarantees depends on the identity and structure of operator and owner, including the financial position and assets held by them.
What is the usual position in respect of employees? With whom does the liability for the employees sit?
Commonly, the owner of the hotel employs the employees and the employees take directions under the supervision of the operator. In these circumstances, the hotel owner is liable with respect to:
- minimum wage obligations, work, health and safety (WHS) and discrimination law compliance;
- any penalties, damages, compensation or other order arising of unfair dismissal; and
- vicariously liability for the acts and omissions of employees.
For everyday management, owners usually give operators permission to direct and control its employees.
In some cases, the general manager, and possibly other key employees (eg executive chef), will be employed by the hotel operator.
Is it usual to have a non-compete clause, eg that no other property with that brand can open within a certain radius?
Yes, based on a geographic radius.
Who is responsible for insurance?
The owner is typically responsible for obtaining insurance for:
- the property;
- business interruption;
- workers compensation for employees employed by the owner; and
- items owned by the owner or people other than the operator.
The operator is typically responsible for the following insurances:
- public liability;
- workers compensation for employees employed by the operator;
- motor vehicle;
- employee fidelity; and
- other operating risks it is customary to insure against in the operation of hotels.
Does the HMA give rights in real estate in the jurisdiction?
No, provided that the HMA does not operate as a lease or give rise to a leasehold interest.
Does the HMA need to be recorded against the property, if this is possible in the jurisdiction?
No.
However, where an HMA is not recorded against the property (for example, via a caveatable interest and caveat registered against the title to the property), operators will need to ensure they properly secure their operating rights in the event the hotel property is sold.
Where financing is taken, is it standard to obtain a Non-Disturbance Agreement (NDA) as part of a management or lease agreement?
Yes. The terms of NDAs vary depending on the parties.
What other agreements usually sit alongside an HMA in the jurisdiction?
There may be other associated agreements depending on the operator, which can include:
- IP licensing agreements;
- services agreements for the provision of services (eg accounting, software licensing, access to reservation networks);
- individual employment contracts for the general manager of the operator;
- supply agreements; and
- mortgagee step-in right deeds (on behalf of the owner).
Australia
What are the standard rights / restrictions in respect of transfer / sale of the hotel?
The rights and restrictions applicable to the transfer/sale of the hotel depend on the operator and the asset. For major operators and/or landmark assets, the consent of the operator is commonly required for the hotel to be sold or transferred. Otherwise, the owner is usually permitted to transfer or sell the hotel without the consent of the operator.
When a managed hotel is sold (either asset or share deal), is it usual in the jurisdiction that either the Operator's consent is required for the sale, or that the hotel may only be sold if the HMA transfers with the hotel?
Both. In relation to the requirement for the consent of the operator, see above – it depends on the operator and the asset; however, commonly with marquee hotels operated by international hotel operators, their consent is usually required, and commonly provided if the purchaser agrees to be bound by the HMA following the sale of the hotel.
Whether this is the case with other operators, or if the owner can sell the hotel property with vacant possession will depend on the terms of the HMA.
For taxation reasons, hotels are commonly sold with the HMAs in place, even if these can be terminated after settlement. Taxation advice should be sought as part of any hotel acquisition or disposal.
Do HMAs commonly include a right of first refusal for the operator to purchase the hotel?
It depends on the operator and the asset. Some operators also own hotels and therefore like to have a first right of refusal, while other organizations that are simply operators do not seek such a right.
Is it usual to include provisions which enable the sale of the property with vacant possession ie without the brand?
As above, these depends on the terms of the HMA and the operator. There are different tax consequences arising if the hotel property is sold with vacant possession and taxation advice should be sought as part of any hotel disposal.
Australia
